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Shale Oil Extraction

• Oct 11, 2010 from JohnnyX87(Johnny A)
  History
  Main article: History of the oil shale industry
  A.C. Kirks retort, used in the mid-to-late 19th century, was one of the first vertical oil shale retorts.
  A number of shale oil extraction technologies have evolved over a period of time. In the 10th century, a method of extracting oil from some kind of bituminous shale was described by the Arabian physician Masawaih al-Mardini (Mesue the Younger). The first shale oil extraction patent was granted by the British Crown in 1694 to three people who had found a way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tarr, and oyle out of a sort of stone. Modern industrial extraction of shale oil originated in France with the implementation of a process invented by Alexander Selligue in 1838 and about a decade later in Scotland by implementation of the process invented by James Young. During the late 19th century, shale oil extraction plants were built in Australia, Brazil, Canada, and the United States. The 1894 invention of the Pumpherston retort (also known as the Bryson retort) marked the separation of oil shale industry from the coal industry.
  China (Manchuria), Estonia, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland began extracting shale oil in the early 20th century. However, crude oil discoveries in Texas during the 1920s and in the Middle East during mid-century brought most oil shale industries to a halt. In 1944, the United States restarted shale oil extraction as part of its Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program. These industries continued until oil prices fell sharply in the 1980s. The last oil shale retort in the United States, operated by Unocal Corporation, closed in 1991. The United States oil-shale development program was restarted in 2003, followed by a commercial leasing program in 2005 permitting the extraction of oil shale and oil sands on federal lands in accordance with the Energy Policy Act of 2005.
  As of 2009[update], shale oil extraction is in operation in Estonia, Brazil, and China. While, Australia, U.S. and Canada have tested shale oil extraction techniques with demonstration projects and are planning implementation on a commercial basis, Morocco and Jordan are also planning to start shale oil production. Only four technologies are in commercial use; namely Kiviter, Galoter, Fushun, and Petrosix.
  Process principle
  Overview of shale oil extraction
  Shale oil extraction process decomposes oil shale and converts kerogen in oil shale into shale oil petroleum-like synthetic crude oil. The process is conducted by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. The most common extraction method is pyrolysis (also known as retorting). In this process, oil shale is heated until its kerogen decomposes into vapors of a condensable shale oil and non-condensable combustible oil shale gas. Oil vapors and oil shale gas are collected and cooled, causing the shale oil to condense. In addition, oil shale processing produces spent shale, which is a solid residue. Spent shale may contain char (some authors use the terms coke residue or semi-coke instead of char) carbonaceous residue formed from kerogen. Depending on the exact composition of oil shale, other useful by-products are also generated during this process. These include ammonia, sulfur, aromatic compounds, pitch, asphalt, and waxes. The efficiency of extraction processes is often evaluated by comparing their yield to the results of a Fischer Assay performed on a sample of the shale.
  Pyrolysis is an endothermic process that requires an external source of energy. Most technologies use other fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, or coal to generate heat, but various experimental methods have used electricity, radio frequency, microwaves, or reactive fluids for this purpose. By-products of the retorting process such as oil shale gas and char may be burned as an additional source of energy and the heat contained in spent oil shale and oil shale ash may be reused to pre-heat the raw oil shale.
  The temperature at which perceptible decomposition of oil shale occurs depends on the time-scale of the process. In ex situ retorting processes, it begins at 300C (570F) and proceeds more rapidly and completely at higher temperatures. The rate of decomposition is the highest when the temperature ranges between 480C (900F) and 520C (970F). The ratio of oil shale gas to shale oil generally increases along with retorting temperatures. For a modern in situ process, which might take several months of heating, decomposition may be conducted at temperatures as low as 250C (480F). Temperatures below 600C (1,110F) are preferable, preventing the decomposition of lime stone and dolomite in the rock and thereby limiting carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption.
  Hydrogenation and thermal dissolution (reactive fluid processes) extract the oil using hydrogen donors, solvents, or a combination of these. Thermal dissolution involves the application of solvents at elevated temperatures and pressures, increasing...

Showcase Of Web Design In The Arab World

• Sep 20, 2010 from rezalutions(Rezalutions) in *
  Sand, magic carpets, Islamic art, Mecca, turban, luxury, camels, incense, Ali Baba and the 40 Thieves, arabesque art and cous cous are just a few of the images that spring to mind when thinking Arab world. But there is actually a misconception of what is the Arab world. Most often the Arab world is thought of as solely the Middle East. The Middle East however is only the geographical area defined by the lands between Egypt and south-west Asia. The Arab world is much much larger. The geographical expanse of the Arab world reaches far wider when it is correctly defined by countries which are Arabic speaking.That is to say, the Arabic language is the defining element of the Arab world. In total, the Arab world includes 25 countries and territories with a combined population of more than 358 million. This expanse stretches from the west coast of northern Africa (Mauritania, Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria etc) across to Qatar, Oman and the United Arab Emirates in the Middle East.The history of this expansive region is so deep that it is foolhardy to skim over how the past has influenced art and hence inspired, to a degree, modern web design. For example, Islam, the predominant religion of the Arab world, laid the ground stones for Islamic Art. One of the major reasons that Islamic art is rich in patterns and arabesque repetition of forms such as geometrical floral designs is because it is feared by many Muslims that the depiction of the human form is idolatry and thereby a sin against Allah, forbidden in the Quran.This denial of figurative art made way for powerful Arabic calligraphy and abstract depictions. Major outlets for artistic expression can be found in architecture, Arabic scripts, paintings and ceramics where intricate patterns adorn.[Offtopic: by the way, did you know that there is a Smashing eBook Series? Book #1 is Professional Web Design, 242 pages for just $9,90.]So Old Yet So Very YoungA wealth of history but web design still immatureWith this wealth of calligraphic design for inspiration and the unity of the Arabic language defining the Arab world, one would assume that strong typographic design in the Arab web design world is abundant and advanced. But on the contrary. One sad reality about this rich script-based culture is that the web has failed to deliver enough support for Arabic fonts. That is until recent advances in Internet browser support. There are reportedly very few trusted and faithful fonts that allow for really beautiful typographical-based Arabic web designs. Tahoma is the number-one used font it is available in Latin and Arabic. Historical inspiration: Kufic is the oldest calligraphic form of the various Arabic scripts. (Picture: Wikipedia).So what has then probably most profoundly inspired, but at the same time flummoxed, modern web design in the Arab world is the calligraphic Arabic writing system. Some of our interviewees below impressed the fact that typography for Arab web design is very much Latin-based and the design industry is still very immature. But they are optimistic the latest advances in browsing tools and standards will open the flood gates to more Arabic-based sites.Quick Overview of Web Design in the Arab World?When exploring the characteristics of Arabic web design one will find several aspects that make it unique. From the beautiful resources that inspire the designer to the scrolling calligraphy, web design in the Arab world very much has a brand of its own. Below are some interesting points concerning Arabic web design.While there are some websites that follow CSS standards, Flash is still considered the default option for many commercial web design companies.The web is still transitioning from being thought of as an interactive TV: clients will project their expectations from the TV medium onto the web which is a process that destroys any hope of creating a usable website.On most international websites Arabic is the secondary language, especially on company and conference websites.Professional Arab websites generally have the extra effort of offering bi-lingual publishing English and Arabic.Freelancing in the Arab world is not generally considered a good way to make a living.While cost is a major concern for clients around the globe, Arabic web designers report focusing on usability and standards first while improving costs.One of the most important influences of Arabic designs is arabesque (repetition of forms and patterns) and the various kinds of calligraphy.The Arab world is made of 25 countries and territories, and has a combined population of more than 358 million people. Due to this large area and high numbers income varies greatly from one designer to another.There are reportedly very few design schools and design events.The State Of AffairsWe have asked web designers from various locations within the Arab world a series of 10 questions.We would like to thank the following for participating in our article:Fatma Alemadi...

CURRENTBLIPS

• Sep 25, 2010 from realpsychic3 in World News
  h1 a:hover {background-color:#888;color:#fff ! important;} div#emailbody table#itemcontentlist tr td div ul { list-style-type:square; padding-left:1em; } div#emailbody table#itemcontentlist tr td div blockquote { padding-left:6px; border-left: 6px solid #dadada; margin-left:1em; } div#emailbody table#itemcontentlist tr td div li { margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:1em; } table#itemcontentlist tr td a:link, table#itemcontentlist tr td a:visited, table#itemcontentlist tr td a:active, ul#summarylist li a { color:#000099; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:none; } img {border:none;} CURRENTBLIPS Top Ten (10) Cars Video And Their Specifications Address Book Of Indian Female Celebrities and Actress Indian Celebrities ( Male ) Address Book And Complete Address Most Interesting Things | Most Interesting Facts | Interesting Knowledge Mayajaal PVR Cinemas | Inox Satyam Cinemas Mayajaal | Sathyam Cinemas Ticket Anjana Anjani Review | Anjana Anjani Romantic Hindi Movie | Strangers Love Hyundai India Series | Hyundai Models And Price | Hyundai Largest AutoMobile Jamuna Devi Dead | Remains Leader | Jamuna Devi Socialist Singh Dalmia Cement | Dalmia Cement Bharat's | Special Cement Appsc Group 4 Hall Tickets | Tickets Available For Sale | No Photo On Ticket Jamuna Devi Passes Away | Jamuna Devi MP Leader Died | Jamuna Devi Veteran Congress Leader BSNL Broadband Plans | Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd Prepaid 3G | BSNL Jharkhand Recharge Watch Bidaai 23th September 2010 Online Free | Star Plus Watch Tere Mere Sapne 23th September 2010 Online Free | Star Plus Watch Tere Mere Sapne 25th September 2010 Online Free | Star Plus Watch Laadli 23th September 2010 Online Free | Star Plus Watch Hamari Devrani 23th September 2010 Online Free | Star Plus Watch Kaali 23th September 2010 Online Free | Star Plus Watch Chaand Chhupa Baadal Mein 23th 2010 Online Free | Star Plus Mindy Cohn Played Chubby Natalie Green On The Facts Of Life Watch Tere Liye 23th September 2010 Online Free | Star Plus The Widely Known Green River Killer Gary Ridgway Was Denied Execution In Washington State Watch Saath Nibhana Saathiya 23th September Free Online | Star Plus A Singer In The 50s Eddie Fisher Became A Teen Idol Starring In His Own Radio Watch Sasural Genda Phool 23th September 2010 Online Free | Star Plus Top Ten (10) Cars Video And Their Specifications Posted: 24 Sep 2010 07:58 PM PDT 'The Audi A3's original selling price in 2009 was 16,085, not far from that of the number ten in our chart, the Vauxhall Vectra at 16,815. Address Book Of Indian Female Celebrities and Actress Posted: 24 Sep 2010 07:54 PM PDT Name Address Aishwarya Rai Ramlaxmi Niwas, 19th Road, Khar, Mumbai 400 052 Amrita Singh Bungalow No. 5, Belscot Tower, Lokhandwala Complex, Andheri Link Road, Mumbai 400 058 Anjala Zaveri 604 Jupiter Apts., Yari Road, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400 058 Anjali Jathar Anand Ashram, 1st Floor, Bldg. 22, Pandita Rambai Road, Gamdevi, Mumbai 400 007 Anu Agarwal 503 Godavari, Khan Pochkhawala Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 025 Aruna Irani 603 B_Gazdar Apts., Near Juhu Hotel, Juhu, Mumbai 400 049 Ayesha Jhulka 102 Tirupati Apts., Andheri (W), Mumbai 400 061 Deepti Bhatnagar 42 Ashok Apts., Gandhigram Road, Juhu, Mumbai 400 049 Dimple Kapadia Samudra Mahal, Birla Lane, Juhu, Mumbai 400 049 Divya Dutta C-17 Nehru Nagar, Kishor Kumar Ganguly Marg, Juhu Tara Road, Mumbai 400 049 Jaya Bachchan Pratiksha 10th Road, JVPD Scheme, Mumbai 400 049 Juhi Chawla 153 Oxford Towers, Oshiwara Complex, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400 058 Kajol Sea Cliff, 1st Floor, Gandhigram Road, Juhu, Mumbai 400 049 Karishma Kapoor 2B Excellency 1101/1201, 4th Cross Road, Lokhandwala Complex, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400 058 Madhoo Krishna Kutir, Sagarika Society, Juhu Tara Road, Mumbai 400 048 Madhuri Dixit Vijaydeep, 3rd Floor, Iris Park, Juhu, Mumbai 400 049 Mahima Chaudhary D/5 4th Floor, Silver View, Versova, Andher, Mumbai 400 061 Mamta Kulkarni D Wing, 701, R.C. Complex, Opp. Panchavati, Versova Yari Road, Mumbai 400 061 Manisha Koirala 302 Beachwood Towers, Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400 061 Mayuri Kango Gokul Apartments, Thakur Complex, Kandivili, Mumbai 400 101 Namrata Shirodkar 101...

Download Now Adobe Photoshop Plugins Collection (17.08.2010) Only In 2Down.us

• Sep 30, 2010 from 2down in Entertainment
  2down.us download Now
  
  
  
  
  Adobe Photoshop Plugins Collection (17.08.2010) | 2.6GB
  
  
  
  Include:
  Akvis Plugins Pack
  OnOne Plug-In Suite 5.1.1
  Alien Skin
  Topaz 7in1
  
  Akvis Plug-in:
  -AKVIS Retoucher v. 4.0 - plugin for image restoration and photo retouching.
  The Program helps to remove scratches, stains, dust, traces of folds and other defects and removing unnecessary details, the text, to reconstruct
  missing parts of pictures, "tighten" leaky sites and build up the ragged edge.
  
  -AKVIS Chameleon v. 6.0 - program for creating collages, realistic and fantastic.
  Chameleon saves time and effort, so it does not require precise selection of objects, automatically smooths the boundary and picks colors "insert" to the background color.
  
  -AKVIS MultiBrish v. 5.5-set of brushes for image editing.
  The program allows you to fix her chosen field of photography without much effort: to change the color saturation and sharpness, smudge object
  toned area, restore and conceal, remove unwanted objects and create an artistic collage.
  
  -AKVIS Enhancer v. 11.5 - a program for processing photos with increased image detail.
  Enhancer improves the texture, emphasizes the details, "pulling" them from the illuminated and shaded areas. Supports
  technology HDR.
  
  -AKVIS Coloriage v. 7.5 - Colorizing images
  AKVIS Coloriage Software for coloring black and white photos and replacing colors on color images.
  Coloriage is clear and simple as a child's coloring book, he turns the work into the game. A few dashes indicate objects for repainting. The program recognizes the borders, impose a specified color, given the lighting, the play of shadows, folds in clothing.
  
  -AKVIS Noise Buster v. 7.5 - software for noise suppression on digital.
  The program removes the noise matrix of a digital camera and noises that appear when you scan a photograph, reduces graininess and eliminates
  non-uniform color spots on the image, while maintaining detail and sharpness of borders.
  
  -AKVIS Sketch v. 11.0 - a tool for turning photos into the picture.
  Sketch turns a photo into a work of art, converts the images into sketches in pencil, charcoal, watercolor
  simulating manual work of this artist. With this program you can get not just black and white sketch, but a color picture.
  
  -AKVIS Decorator v. 2.0 - allows you to modify the surface of the object.
  When applying the texture stored volume, terrain, bends, folds, shadows of the original image. With the program Decorator can not
  only impose a texture, change it, but to load their textures, and simply change the color of the object.
  
  -AKVIS LightShop v. 3.0 - adds light effects to the image.
  With the program you can create any type and form of light, add a photo beams, halos, flashes, lightning, reflections on the objects, sunset or fireworks. LightShop decorate snapshot enliven landscape, change the time of day and weather.
  
  -AKVIS ArtSuite v. 6.5 - a program for processing photos.
  18 kinds of effects and frames and more than 500 samples! ArtSuite can make an image, create an original greeting card, holiday
  album, poster or calendar, to turn a color photo into a modern stylized black-and-white portrait, and even make color correction.
  
  -AKVIS SmartMask v. 3.0 - plugin for quick selection (cut) of objects in the image.
  AKVIS SmartMask allows you to quickly and accurately allocate part of the picture or cut the figure of a man from a photo using relatively simple
  manipulation. The plugin is used to remove the background, creating collages.
  
  -AKVIS Magnifier v. 3.5 - allows you to resize images without losing quality.
  You can not only reduce the image to put it on the Web or send to friends. The program allows you to receive the highest quality images from a small picture. Magnifier provides a manifold increase in the image without the artifacts and ghosting.
  
  -AKVIS ArtWork v. 4.0 - allows you to create a digital photo realistic painting, as if written by the artist. The program simulates an oil painting, imposes strokes so that the image looks like a work of art! It is possible to choose the type of canvas, add text to the design of the finished canvas.
  Homepage
  
  OnOne Plug-In Suite 5.1.1:
  New version of the well-known set of extensions for PhotoShop, which consists of six plug-ins: Genuine Fractals 6.0.7 Pro (for zooming with virtually no loss in quality); PhotoTools 2.5.4 Pro (hundreds of professional photos -effects); PhotoFrame 4.5.2 Pro (for the imposition of a variety of frames and borders for photos); FocalPoint 2.0.2 (to create vignettes and adding to the image effect of focus); Mask Pro 4.1.9 (a set of tools for masking objects); PhotoTune 3.0.3 (for color correction of digital images and correction portraits). Major changes in the onOne Plug-In Suite 5 is a renewal of individual plug-ins, plus support for work in 64-bit Vista and Windows 7. All additions that are included in this package, support Photoshop and Photoshop SS4 SS5.
  
  Year: 2010
  Version: 5.1.1
  Developer: OnOneSoftware
  Bit: x32/x64
  Compatibility with...

Xbox 360 Rock Band Wireless Fender Wooden Stratocaster Replica Sunburst

• Oct 09, 2010 from epakapong(Peter) in Technology
  Xbox 360 Rock Band Wireless Fender Wooden Stratocaster Replica - Sunburst
  
  
  List Price: USD 299.99Lowest Used Price: USD 99.90Lowest New Price: USD 135.99Price is accurate as of the date/time indicated. Prices and product availability are subject to change. Any price displayed on the Amazon website at the time of purchase will govern the sale of this product.
  
  Binding: Accessory
  Manufacturer: MadCatz
  
  
  Product Description:Mad Catz highly coveted Wireless Fender Wooden Stratocaster Replica is the guitar to own for any Rock Band enthusiast who wants to rock in style with unparalleled performance plus the added freedom of wireless connectivity. This is no cheap plastic toy, wood from the same stock as a real Fender guitar is what this axe is made of. The high gloss paint finish will make your guitar shine and will be the envy of all your friends. The premium-quality strum bar and fret buttons ensure every note will be delivered on time and with the highest level of durability available on any Rock Band guitar. An official Fender strap completes the look and ensures your axe will look as good as the real thing on and off stage.
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